Strategic Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Marketing - Case Study Example It is a democratic country which ensures that the tourism industry enjoys stability and hence the hotel industry will also get benefitted. India has a specific ministry called tourism ministry which formulates strategies to enhance the tourism sector in India. Indian government charges huge amount of taxes from the luxury hotels which will have a huge impact as political scenario changes. The hotel industry in India gets good incentives and the respective state governments also supports development of such hotels and their growth. Though the terrorist attacks on Taj Hotels and Oberoi hotel have led to drop in foreign travellers, Indian government is taking steps to allay such fears (Kachwala and Mukherjee, 2009, p. 158). Economic Factors India is one of the fastest growing economies of the world with the GDP growing almost 4 to 5 % where the rest of the world economies are slowing down. Hence many business meetings and conferences are held in India and the hotel industry tries to cap italize on that. It is seen that many foreign tourist travellers are now willing to spend money to get their value for it. As economy of India is increasing at a good pace, it signifies investments in infrastructure, construction of new avenues for tourist, increase in promotional expenditure, beautification of the cities and towns etc. These give a boost to the hotel industry. With high growth in GDP and a sound financial system, the hotel industry has grabbed the chance of enhancing their profitability (Anand, 1976, p. 43). Socio-Cultural India being a diverse nation has diverse languages, traditions, cultures, cuisines; making it an ideal destination for cultural tourism. India has more 22 languages recognized by constitution and 1600 dialects. Hence cultural tourism in India will rise and so will the growth of the hotel industry. According to Indian culture they always treat guest as God. In Sanskrit there is a popular Shloka â€Å"ATHITHI DEVO BAHVAH†. It gestures the lo ve for their guest that exist in India. Foreigners love this concept and are pleased with the love they get in travelling to India. This also enhances the Hotel Industry (Briggs, 2001, p. 49). Technological In today’s globalised world Information technology plays a critical role in tourism planning and implementation. There are web based platform like makemytrip.com, yatra.com in India which provides tourist booking hotels online. Most of the luxury hotels are now Wi-Fi enabled. More technology means less manpower and chance of lesser complaints. This shows enhancement of the Hotel Industry In India transportation system is not as per the international standard. For any nation to be successful in tourism industry it must be equipped with efficient transportation system which is capable of carrying large volumes of people in a cost efficient way. India is lagging behind in this front. If this improves a foreigner can easily find such luxury hotels and travel there comfortably (Kannan, 2005, p. 39). Environmental In India the environmental forces supports the Hotel Industry in India. Environmental forces like growth of GDP, Political stability in India supports the Hotel industry in India. Legal Indian Legal system is very strong and it doesn’t support any flouting of rules like keeping emergency services ready, keeping the appropriate records of the foreign visitors, paying of appropriate taxes etc. Such

Rwanda Genocide Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Rwanda Genocide - Coursework Example The next aspect of this paper studies the possibilities for averting genocide based on recognition of its conditions and the factors driving its achievement. Potential preventive measures were present on a time-continuum, with mediations being possible during the phase prior to real genocide; more direct courses of action existing in the months leading up to and during the genocide; and possible ways for prevention of further/future genocide that happen in the aftermath. Prevention can take place at various levels, in relation to the impact that may be applied on individual, organizational or structural aspects. There have been many endeavors to describe genocide since the term was coined. First in 1944 Raphael Lemkin, defined genocide as "the coordinated and planned annihilation of a national, religious, or racial group by a variety of actions aimed at undermining the foundations essential to the survival of a group as a group" (Lemkin, 1944). Lemkin also asserted that genocide is a "form of one-sided killing" in which the offender aimed to get rid of their victims who by contrast have no similar intention. Lemkin's definition was followed by many others such as the 1946 UN Resolution that defined genocide as "the denial of the right to exist of entire human groups, as homicide is denial of the right to live of individual" (Chalk and Jonassohn, 1990). On December 9, 1948, the United Nations ratified the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This convention delineates "genocide" as an international crime, which participant nations "undertake to prevent and punish." It defines genocide as: '[G] enocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: a. Killing members of the group; b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; e. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.' Regardless of the fact that many cases of group-targeted violence have taken place throughout the history and even since the Convention came into effect, the legal and international development of the term is focused into two diverse historical periods: the time from the defining of the term until its approval as international law (1944-1948) and the time of its

Inflation and Consumer Price Indices Essay Example for Free

Inflation and Consumer Price Indices Essay A literature Review5 Methodology6 Statement Of The Problem6 Objectives Of The Study10 Summary and Conclusions10 Abstract Consumer price index has been confused by a lot of people in recent times. CPI, which is one of the most frequently used statistics to identify periods of inflation is also sometimes viewed as an indicator of the effectiveness of government economic policy. The government, business, labor, and private citizens uses price changes information provided by the CPI in the Nations economy to guide them in making economic decisions. The Consumer Price Index, as implied by the name is an index, or â€Å"a number used to measure change. Investopedia (Investopedia, N. D) defines CPI as A measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food and medical care. This paper attempts to explain what inflation is, types of inflation and how it is measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which is the most commonly used measure of inflation. The paper also attempts to discuss the inflation behavior in Malaysia. Keywords: Inflation, Consumer Price Index, types of inflation. Introduction CPI and inflation has always been thought to be same because CPI is widely used as a measure of inflation. However the current rate of inflation is not given by CPI itself. To know the increase or decrease in the prices of goods nd services, the index must be used in the calculations. The Bank of Canada (2010) defined inflation as a persistent rise over time in the average level of prices in the economy. As demand for goods and services exceeds the economys capacity to supply those goods and services, prices tend to go up while an excess supply of goods and services tends to put downward pressure on prices. Its important to understand the difference between the many different types of inflation. When inflation is more than 50% a month, it is known as hyperinflation. There is no known history of hyperinflation in Malaysia, but it is known to have occurred in Germany (costantino bresciani-turroni, 1937) before World War II, and in Zimbabwe (michael wines, 2006) in the 2000s. Stagflation is when inflation occurs despite slow economic growth and the last time this happened in the U. S. was in the 1970s. When inflation affects different parts of the economy, its known as asset inflation because it affects just one asset. This occurred with stock portfolios when the Dow reached its peak (Google finance 2007) of 14,164. 43 on October 9, 2007. Asset inflation mostly occurs during oil-price shock. This is usually as a result of gas and oil demand predictions done by the commodities trader that the demand would go up during summer vacations. When traders become more concerned that oil supply would likely be cut off, just as during the Iran threat to close the Straits of Hormuz in 2012, (Aljazeera, 2012) traders will increase the price of oil. And as a result, price of food, which is usually transported long distances would likely be hiked. A literature Review Cheng and Tan (2002) examined in? ation in Malaysia using quarterly data over the period from 1973QI to 1997QII. The study used the Johansen (1988) cointegration, vector error-correction modeling, impulse response functions, and variance decomposition of the Sims (1980) approach. They included 11 variables in their analysis, namely CPI, money supply, interest rate, income, private expenditure, government expenditure, exchange rate, trade balance, capital in? ows, the rest of in? ation in ASEAN, and in? ation in the rest of the world. The empirical results of their study showed that external factors such as exchange rate and the rest of in? ation in ASEAN are relatively more important than domestic factors in explaining in? tion in Malaysia. Cunado and De Gracia (2005) examined the impact of various of oil price shock on in? ation in six Asian countries, namely Japan, Singapore, Korea, Philippines, Thailand, and Malaysia using quarterly data over the period from 1975Q1 to 2002Q2. The study also examined the asymmetries impact of real oil price change on in? ation. The study used the Johansen (1988) cointegration method and Granger causality test. The main results were that real oil price change has a signi? cant short-run impact on in? ation and becomes more signi? cant when real oil price shock is de? ed in local currency rather than in $US. Furthermore, the impact of real oil price change on in? ation is di? erent across economies in Asia. The real oil price change and in? ation relationship appears to be more signi? cant and more general than the real oil price change and output relationship for Asian countries. For Malaysia, the relationship between real oil price change and in? ation is less signi? cant. Moreover, there is no evidence of Granger causality from real oil price change in $US to in? ation. However, some evidence was found when real oil price change is measured in domestic currency. Also, some evidence was found for the asymmetric impact of real oil price change in $US and in domestic currency on in? ation. Methodology This paper uses data for a time span of 2005 to 2012 to analyze the inflation rate and also uses more data with a span of Jan 2011 to jun2012 to analyze the Consumer Price Index for that particular period in time. Statement Of The Problem The inflation rate in Malaysia has averaged at 2. 77 percent from the year 2005 to 2012. During this period, it would be noted from the graph below that, its highest inflation rate which is measured by Consumer price index was recorded at 8. 00 percent in July 2008. When compared to previous years, it is the highest recorded since 1986. Its lowest was also recorded at -2. 400 percent in July 2009. Exactly a year from the highest recorded.

History of Animation

History of Animation Historical Perspective Introduction: This section in my dissertation focuses not on the history of animation per se but on the evolution and progress of animation in films and in particular claymation which is one form of stop-motion animation. The desire to animate is as old as art itself. Animation is a form of movie magic with its origins in art form. The earliest examples are still drawings, found in Palaeolithic cave paintings depicting animals with multiple sets of legs in superimposed positions, that attempted to convey the illusion of movement. While such images came to life through fairy tales and folk lore, it was only during the 19th century -when inventions were made to make motion picture- that animated pictures became a real possibility. A live -action film and an animated film are different because the live -action camera captures a scene moving in real time, automatically freezing into separate still pictures that can then be projected on to a screen. In an animation film, the animator, on the contrary, can not film anything until and unless he/ she creates through drawings(2D animation) or models (3 D animation) or computer imagery every single frame of a film from scratch. While animation is definitely a highly creative medium, it entails time-consuming processes for an animator who should have vision, faith in the concept and creation, abundant patience and capacity for sustained efforts. THE DEVICES: The development of devices from crude form to highly technical gadget has played a key role in evolution of animation over the years. The earliest device to create an image of a moving picture is known as Zoetrope, invented in China around 180 AD. The modern day zoetrope contraption was produced in 1834 by William George Horner and is considered to be the beginning of the animation devices. The device is basically a cylinder with vertical slits around the sides. Around the inside edge of the cylinder there are a series of pictures on the opposite side to the slits. As the cylinder is spun, the user then looks through the slits producing the illusion of motion. Actually, even in present day animation classes for the beginners, the Zoetrope is being used to explain the early concepts of animation. The magic lantern, believed to have originated from China in the 16th century, is the precursor to the modern day projector. It consisted of a translucent oil painting and a simple lamp. When put together in a darkened room, the image would appear larger on a flat surface. The most significant early day animation device was Phenakistoscope (1831) disc, invented simultaneously by the Belgian Joseph Plateau and the Austrian Simon von Stampfer. The photographic sequence experiments done by English-born American Eadweard Muybridge in 1872, using 24 still cameras set up along side horse race track, have been of help to later generation of animators. The animated film took a major step thanks to a sophisticated version of Zoetrope, known as Praxinoscope, invented by French scientist Charles-Émile Reynaud in 1877, a painter of lantern-slides. It used the same basic mechanism of a strip of images placed on the inside of a spinning cylinder, but instead of viewing it through slits, it was viewed in a series of small, stationary mirrors around the inside of the cylinder, so that the animation would stay in place, and provide a clearer image and better quality. After fifteen years of hard work, Reynaud also developed a larger version of the praxinoscope, an animation system using loops of 12 pictures, that could be projected onto a screen, called the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre Optique, first demonstrated at the Musee Grevin, Paris in 1892, comprising 500 pictures on a transparent strip of gelatin. This was the first animation film entitled ‘Pantomimes Lumineuses which lasted up to fifteen minutes. Reynauds films were simple tales mainly concerned with love and rivalry. Reynaud used drawings rather than photographic images, and every subsequent animated film using line animation -from Felix the Cat and Micky Mouse to the Rugrats and the Simpsons -is a successor to the moving pictures that he created. Flip Book, patented in 1868 by a John Barns Linnet, was another development that brought us closer to modern animation. The Flip Book creates the illusion of motion through a set of sequential pictures flipped at a high speed. The Mutoscope (1894) is basically a flip book in a box with a crank handle to flip the pages. 1919 marked the invention of rotoscope. While Emile Reynaud, showed the first animated film using his Theatre Optique system in 1982, three years later, two French brothers, Auguste and Louis Lumiere, presented the first authentic demonstration of what we now think of as cinema. Lumiere Brothers characters were images of real people and hence overshadowed the Emile Reynauds presentations of moving drawings. Humorous Phases of Funny Faces made by J. Stuart Blackton in 1906, featuring a cartoonist drawing faces on a chalkboard, and the faces apparently coming to life, can be termed as the first animated work on standard picture film. This film was released by Vitagraph. Two years later, the French director Émile Cohl (also called Émile Courtet), created Fantasmagorie which was screened for the first time on August 17, 1908 at Theatre du Gymnase in Paris. It was Émile Cohl who relocated to New York City in 1912, spread its technique in the US. Though these animations were rudimentary, ‘Gertie the Dinosaur in 1914 and ‘Koko the Clown in 1919 by Max Fleischer, considered as classics, stepped up the pace of animation films in silent movie era in USA. The Beautiful Lukanida released in 1912 and conceived by the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz (later known as Ladislas Starevich) gets the honour of being the first puppet animation film. Neither this film, nor the first animated feature film -El Apà ³stol, made in 1917 by Quirino Cristiani from Argentina as well as his two other animated feature films, including 1931s Peludopolis, {the first to use synchronized sound}, have survived the present day. The silhouette-animated Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926) directed by German Lotte Reiniger and French/Hungarian Berthold Bartosch is one of the earliest-surviving animated feature. This film used colour-tinted scenes, perhaps for the first time. The list of other animated films during the silent era included the following films: ‘Gertie the Dinosaur made by Winsor Mccay in 1914, ‘The Sinking of the Lusitania in 1918, ‘Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend in 1921 by John Randolph Bray who rediscovered some of McCays techniques, ‘The Dinosaur and the Missing Link by Willis OBrien in 1915, the first cartoon super star ‘ Felix the Cat in 1919 and ‘The Lost World , a stop motion marvel made in 1925. This was followed by the famous ‘Aesops Film Fables during 1921-1929 created by Paul Terry, released by Van Beuren Studios. Initially, Walt Disney also made silent cartoons like ‘Laugh-o-Grams, ‘Alice Comedies, ‘Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and ‘Mickey Mouse. Other significant silent era series were ‘ Heeza Liar, ‘Mutt and Jeff, ‘Krazy Kat, ‘Bobby Bumps etc. The notable production houses during this period were: Barre Studio, Bray Productions, Barre-Bowers Studio {The Bray Studios was the first and foremost cartoon studio, housed in New York City-} Many budding cartoonists like Paul Terry of Mighty Mouse fame, Max Fleischer of Betty Boop fame, and Walter Lantz of Woody Woodpecker fame, all statrted their career in this studio.The cartoon studio was based in Circa during 1915-1928. ‘Farmer Alfalfa by Paul Terry and ‘Bobby Bumps by Earl Hurd were well known cartoons produced by the Bray studios. Fleischer Studios, set up by Max and Dave Fleischer created the Koko the Clown, Out of the Inkwell, and Sound Car-Tunes series. In addition, this era also saw distributors of animated films such as Margaret J. Winkler, Charles Mintz, Educational Pictures, Red Seal Pictures, and Bijou Films. Although 1930s witnessed a few more animated feature films, Walt Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs released in 1937 is deemed to be the first animated feature film with sound effects. It could be because Snow White became successful and well-known within the English-speaking world. The first animation to use the full, three-color Technicolor method was Flowers and Trees (1932) made by Disney Studios which won an academy award for this work. We are all aware how Walt Disney dominated throughout the 1930s, through revolutionary cartoons ‘Silly Symphonies, ‘Mickey Mouse, and Donald Duck. The 1930s, termed as the Golden Era in USA animation also witnessed the emergence of big studios making animation films like Warner Bros, MGM and The Fleischer Studios with their creations like Betty Boop and Popeye cartoons. Following the golden Age of American animation (1920s through 1950s), animation evolved at a more hectic pace during the television era i.e. 1950s through 1980s. During this period, the theatrical cartoons and feature films declined to some extent. Hanna-Barbara productions did dominate this phase with their TV animated series. Then we saw the emergence of morning cartoons on week ends, adult animation in the 70s, and a slew of commercial cartoons in the 1980s. The present day animation (1980s onwards) boasts of mind boggling creations most of which are futuristic in concept such as ‘Who Framed Roger Rabbit, the ‘Disney Renaissance and Steven Spielbergs collaborations with Warner Bros like ET, Jurasic Park etc. The Simpsons is one of the most successful series that revived the adult-oriented animation. The other series of this genre is Cartoons Networks late night animation show ‘Adult Swim. Many studios all over the world have joined the bandwagon of making animation films for world wide distribution. The rise of CGI, increasing popularity of Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and the Anime explosion which is mainstream version of Japanese animation represent the current scenario in animation. HISTORY OF STOP -MOTION CLAYMATION: Stop motion and cel animation are two basic techniques in traditional animation. Stop motion animation, is used for many animation productions using physical objects rather than images of people, as with traditional animation. An object will be photographed, moved slightly, and then photographed again. When the pictures are played back in normal speed the object will appear to move by itself. Clay animation is one the forms of stop-motion animation. It is the animation of clay models made preferably of plasticine clay. Producing stop-motion animation using clay /plasticine clay is a time consuming and labour intensive process. That is because, to produce a 30 minute stop motion animation movie using clay models, approximately 21,600 times one has to stop to change the figures for the frames. In the case of feature-length films, in addition to clay, rubber silicone and resin-cast components are used to create models. The term Claymation is a registered trade mark in USA, registered by Will Vinton, the greatest pioneer in clay animation. Though foamation, meaning use of foam-rubber process, invented by Will Vinton has found a place in stop motion animation films, it is clay which is the preferred material to bring about aesthetic effect as well. A variant to claymation is the â€Å"clay melting† used in Will Vintons film ‘Closed Mondays. While there are several forms of clay animation, the notable few are: â€Å"Freeform† claymation represents a process wherein the shape of the clay changes significantly as the animation progresses, as exemplified in the films of Eliot Noyes Jr and Ivan Stang. â€Å"Character† Clay animation maintains a recognisable character throughout the shot as in Art Clokeys and Will Vintons works. The â€Å" Strata -cut animation† entails long bread like loaf of clay packed with varying figures/ images, which is sliced into thin sheets with the camera taking a frame of the end of loaf for each cut as a result of which one could eventually see the movements of internal images within. This technique was pioneered by the German animator Oskar Fischinger during 1920s and 1930s subsequently upgraded by David Daniels in mid-90s as seen in his film Buzz Box. Clay painting is termed as another form of claymation. This process requires clay to be placed on a flat surface and moved like wet oil paints. This technique results in a seamless merger of stop motion and traditional flat animation. Early films using stop-motion were the clasic ‘Chicken Run and ‘Wallace and Gromit, and later ‘The Nightmare Before Christmas and ‘James and the Giant Peach. Sometimes even objects are used, such as with the films of Jan Ã…  vankmajer. Stop motion animation was also commonly used for special effects work in many live-action films, such as the 1933 version of ‘King Kong and ‘The 7th Voyage of Sinbad. It was in 1920s, though eight years earlier Edison Manufacturing released a clay animated trick film called ‘The Sculptors Welsh Rarebit Dream, the clay animation films using either cels or the slash system became the dominant mode in animation film production. Although the cel method was preferred for cartoon films by the studios, clay animation was the medium in the well known film called ‘Modelling produced by Fleischer Studio in 1921. Joan Gratz, won academy nomination for her clay animation films Creation (1980) and won the Oscar for yet another film ‘Mona Lisa descending a Stair Case made in 1982. Craig Barlett, another Vinton animator was known for variation in clay animation used in his series of short films ‘Arnold in the mid 90s. Charles Bowers a comedian with great talent in animation made many bizarre films in the 1920s combining stop-motion animation and comedy. Academy Award winning short films such as ‘ Closed Mondays made by Will Vinton and Bob Gardiner in 1974, ‘The Sand Castle'(1977) and ‘Creature Comforts; , produced by Aardman Studios in 1989 and all four Wallace Gromit films created by Nick Park of Arrdman Animation and last but the least ‘The Presentators again filmed by Aardman Animation are typical claymation films. Clay animation has been creatively employed in several computer games as well viz. The Neverhood, Clay Fighter, Patypus, Primal Rage. Besides TV commercials such as ‘Chevron Cars, childrens shows in the electronic media in the recent times are dominated by clay animation techniques which are often seen on Cartoon Network. Computer graphic image of clay animation is presented in a film called ‘ Flushed Away. COMPUTER -GENERATED IMAGERY {CGI } What has caused a real revolution in animation industry is the Computer -generated imagery- abbreviated as CGI. It is significantly different from traditional animation because the drawings (known as 2D animation) in traditional animation gave way to 3D Modeling which is the virtual version of stop-motion. CGI combines these two forms of animation through computer aided animation but on 2D Computer drawing. CGI is as tedious as the traditional animation and many of the underlying principles of traditional animation are used albeit through computer aided software programmes. While the playback feature creating an illusion is true of all moving images (from zoetrope to films to videogames), the techniques involved in creating CGI are generally removed from a frame-by-frame process. Most of the characters employed in CGI films are based on animal characters, monsters, machines or cartoon-like humans. The latest rend is to create realistic-looking humans. The notable animation films of t his genre are Films are ‘Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within in 2001, ‘Final Fantasy: Advent Children in 2005, ‘The Polar Express in 2004, and ‘Beowulf in 2007. The constraint in this method of animation is to create the nuances and details of a living person if one has to make a realistic CG character; in particular, to synchronise the movement of the hair and clothing with the animated human character. CEL-SHADED ANIMATION Cel shading is a type of rendering, known as non photorealistic rendering, to make computer graphics appear to be hand-drawn. A recent development and a comples process, this is generally applied to mimic the style of a comic book or cartoon. The console video games use cel- shaded animation in addition to computer graphics. The material used in cel- shaded animation is the clear sheets of acetate , called cels. Some animators consider Cel -shaded animation as â€Å"2.5 D form of animation†, a via media between 2D and 3D animation. It was only the console video games which shows the true real-time cel-shading as seen in Segas Jet Set Radio launched in 2000 for their Dreamcast console. This style of animation was used in Freedom Project in 2006. ANIMATION IN INDIA: As in the western countries, the roots of animation in India are in Indian Cinema. In the early 20s, Dadasaheb Phalke, arguably one of the founders of Indian Cinema, {in whose name a prestigious award has been instituted to honour every year outstanding contribution in the field of cinema}, match sticks and a stop-motion camera to create a short film which was unfortunately not distributed for public viewing. After a lot of struggle, he succeeded in making a stop motion film ‘The Growth of A Pea Plant in 1912, marking the beginning of animation in films in India. However, the first animation film ever released in a theater was ‘ The Pea Brothers produced by New Theatres Limited, and directed by Gunamoy Banerjee, and released on June 23, 1934. It took nearly seventeen years to produce the next animation film called ‘Jumbo The Fox coming from Ranjit Movietone and released in 1951. In the same year, another animation from New Theatres, ‘Michke Potash, directed by Bhaktaram Mitra was released. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India set up a Cartoon Film Unit as part of its Filns Division to promote animation films. This unit produced in 1956 ‘Radha and Krishna, a 22 minute film based on cel animation, directed by J.S. Bhownagary. It is believed that camera movements over the miniature paintings of Indian art were employed to create the animation. This film won prestigious awards in International Film Festival held in Berlin. Films Division had a team of animators like Kantilal Rathore, Pramod Pati, G.K. Godbole, and V.G. Samant, along with Ram Mohan, Bhimsain, Satam, Suresh Nayek. A film which impacted animation in India was ‘Kalpana, made in 1948, directed by the legendary dance maestro Uday Shankar, although it was not an animation film. Because, the use of feet movement, film language with rhythm and melody skillfully synchronized appealed to all the film makers including Satyajit Ray Mrinal Sen, do yens of Indian Cinema. Clair Weeks, an animator from the Disney Studio was brought to India by The Films Division, with funding support from UNESCO and the US Technical Aid Programme, to train the animators in the Division. Those who were benefited were Ram Mohan, Bhimsain, Satam, Ezra Mir and Pramod Pati. In 1960, one of the earliest pro-social animations made by the Films Division was ‘A Great Problem, covering family planning issues was released and received international appreciation for its maker G.K. Gokhale. The first animation film with music was ‘Chaos in 1969. As the animators from the Films Division left and started their own ventures, there was a growth in the studios making animation films in India such Climb Films, Rauko Laboratories owned by Satyajit Ray and Mrinal Sen, and the Prasads Studios in the south. Others like Gimmicks and Pictoreel Facet, opened in Bombay, but have not survived till the present day. It was in 1992 when the Film Festival being organized every year by the Films Division was renamed as the International Film Festival for Documentary, Short and Animation Films, recognizing the growing importance of animation in India. A special section called World Animation in this festival screened the works of international creators like John Halas, Ishu Patel, Osamu Tezuku, Jiri Brdecka, Jiri Trnka. Ishu Patel is one of the well known animators of India who is respected abroad as well. Icerocket Equally important is the contribution made to animation films by the Childrens Film Society of India, set up in 1955 by the Indian Government to promote childrens films. CFSI has produced a huge number of animation films such as ‘Jaise Ko Taisa by Madhab Kunte in 1988, ‘Karuna Ki Vijay by K.S. Bansod in 1985, ‘Lav Kush by K.A. Abbas in 1973, ‘Adventures Of A Sugar Doll in 1966 by Kantilal Rathod, and ‘As You Like It by Sukumar Pillay in 1965. Most of the present day animators of repute have worked on films made by CFSI. Along with film making, the Government of India sought to develop animation teaching in India and accordingly established an animation department in early 70s at the National Institute Of Design which has become the Bedrock Of Animation teaching in India. In addition to teaching traditional and computer aided animation, NID has produced a large number of animation films. ‘Swimmy , a cut out animation film made by Leo Lionni a visiting faculty at NID is till date the best cut out animation film. Other notable films which came out of the NID studios were ‘Cirrus Skies and ‘Patang made by Vinita Desai, ‘Drawing Drawing made jointly by Vinita Desai and Nina Sabnani who also won the international acclaim for her feminist animation film ‘Shubh Vivah dealing with dowry system in this country, using the traditional Rajasthani Marubeni style of painting. The most noteworthy animation film made through NID by the young Prakash Murthy was ‘ Jungle King , base d on Gujarati folklores which received good reviews in the International film festivals. He also made ‘The Square On The Hypotenuse (1995), ‘The Progress Report (1994) and ‘The Protagonist (1988). Shoma Banerje Kak has been credited with making a serial on India called ‘Pradhakshina using cel animation. Other young animators include : Shilpa Ranade, who made Monis Dying who along with Asha Datta, a dynamic producer, has set up Multik Productions. Vinay Rai has made films like Keep Your City Clean, The Drummer nd Animated Bhangra, which was screened at Hiroshimas Indian showcase. Pravin Thakur who created The Brave Bird, and The Louse Story. Neeraj Sahai and Pallvi Sahai with their films like A Monkey And Two Crocodiles and The Big Run. Aman Bajaj has produced films like Khel Khel Mein, Alphabet A and Chikoo And Angola . Ajit Rao, who worked with Ram Mohan Biographics as one of the leading animation designers there, and taught in University of California is teaching in Toonz Animation Studio in India. StumbleUpon Propeller Reddit Magnoliacom Newsvine Furl  · Facebook  · Google  · Yahoo  · Technorati  · Icerocket

Comparison of the Poems, Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed Essay

Comparison of the Poems, Two Scavengers and Nothing's Changed â€Å"Nothings Changed† was written by Tatamkhulu Afrika, a mixed race child with fair skin, who was later adopted by a white South African family who brought him up as though he was white, and he only found out about his origins as a teenager. Tatamkhulu lived in a multi-cultural area called District Six, which was destroyed by the white authorities. He feels strongly about this kind of racism towards the black people despite the fact that he has fair skin. In the actual poem, the poet is telling the story from his own experiences in first person. â€Å"Two Scavengers† was written by Lawrence Ferlinghetti. The poem highlights the differences between rich and poor and the working classes, as well as democracy and equality. The poem itself is written in third person and based around a couple of Bin Men and a couple of ‘beautiful’, rich people. Then, at the end of the poem seems to ask whether America really is a democracy. â€Å"Nothings Changed† is set in District Six, based in South Africa. The poet describes District Six as harsh-land, but also goes on to explain that he still feels that it’s his home and it’s still amiable and natural. I know this because he says, â€Å"amiable weeds† on line 8. This is a contrasting sentence because weeds are usually a symbol of bad things, so to use the word amiable to describe them is distinguishing. Socially, there is a separation of race. In the poets own opinion, the white people think that they are more important and superior to the black people. I know this because in stanza five, Tatamkhulu echoes the voice of the white person and says, â€Å"Take it with you, eat it at a plastic table’s top, Wipe your fingers on your... ...l as phrases such as â€Å"as if† (lines 29 and 33). In conclusion, â€Å"Nothings Changed† and â€Å"Two Scavengers† both examine the differences between American democracy and the South African democracy. The poetic devices used are similar in both pieces but both have very different effects on the reader. I found that he way Tatamkhula Afrika structured his poem with short harsh lines was effective because it made things stand out and got the point across quicker. It also gave us a better idea of how the poet is feeling. I also liked the way he wrote the poem in the present tense like he was reliving the experience. In â€Å"Two Scavengers†, I like the way Ferlinghetti laid out his poem and still made it coordinate with meaning of the poem. And also, the way he started a new line when there was a pause in the speech I found very effective and unlike many other poems.

Infant Immortality Essay example -- essays research papers

Infant Mortality in the United States   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trends in infant mortality are considered to be a barometer of technology and an accurate indicator of the health of a society. Despite technological excellence and numerous social programs offered throughout the country, the infant mortality rate (IMR) in the United States continues to be a national concern. For many, â€Å"infant mortality† brings to mind the deprivation and poverty found in third world countries. Yet in the United States, nearly 40,000 children die every year for some of the same reasons that cause infant death in underdeveloped parts of the world (Anderson, 1987).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Infant mortality is prevalent in this country despite a richly developed and technologically advanced society. According to the Census Bureau, the IMR in the United States has dropped almost 66 percent in the past three decades (Eberstadt, 1991). In 1960, out of every thousand babies born, 26 died within their first year of life. By 1991, that number had dropped to less than nine out of every thousand babies (Eberstadt et al., 1991). According to the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the US infant mortality rate in 1987 was higher than in 23 other countries or territories, including most of Western Europe, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The US infant mortality rate was about 20 percent higher than Norway’s, nearly 50 percent higher than in the Netherlands, and 200 percent higher than Japan’s (Eberstadt et al., 1991). The United States has not always fared so poorly in this international ranking. In the early 1950’s it ranked sixth best (Anderson et al., 1987).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Select Committee on Hunger held a Congressional hearing on infant mortality in the United States on April 29, 1987. Representative Mickey Leland (D., TX), the committee’s chairperson, acknowledged the continued statistical improvements over the prior two decades. But he was very critical of the decline of the United States in the international ranking, expressing dismay that a country as wealthy and powerful as the United States should have an infant mortality rate worse than that of 16 other industrialized nations (Anderson et al., 1987). Through mediums such as this hearing and other forums, the federal government addresses this concern and establish... ...rson must strive to ensure that babies survive. No amount of technological skill can combat the preventative measures of proper prenatal care. The ultimate voice of prevention will only be heard by women who have enough maternal instinct to seek available prenatal and infant care. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anderson, G. (December 1987). Dying Young: Infant Mortality in the United States. America Press, Inc., 498-501.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Barnes-Boyd, C., Norr, K., & Nacion, K. (1996). Evaluation of an Interagency Home Visiting Program to Reduce Postneonatal Mortality in Disadvantaged Communities. Public Health Nursing Vol.13 No. 3, 201-208.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eberstadt, N. (Fall 1991). America’s Infant-Mortality Puzzle. The Public Interest, No 105, 111-112.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation. (1996). Birth Defects and Infant Mortality: A National and Regional Profile. Petrini, J. (Ed.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strobino, D., O’Campo, P., Schoendorf, K. (December 1995). A Strategic Framework for Infant Mortality Reduction: Implications for â€Å"Healthy Start†. The Milbank Quarterly Vol. 73 No. 4, 27.

Ap Bio Work

Label the seven repertories illustrated here, and give a different example of each. Enter answer here Evolutionary Adoption Enter answer environment Response to the here Enter answer Order here Regulation Energy Processing Enter & Development Concept 1. 1 Themes connect the concepts of biology 2. What are emergent properties? Give two examples. Properties that are not present at the preceding level. Reproduction 3. Life is organized on many scales. Figure 1. 4 zooms you in from viewing Earth from space all the way to the level of molecules. As you study this figure, choose the correct label for each picture. Exosphere ecosystem ell organism organelle community tissue molecule population 4. Our study of biology will be organized around recurring themes. Make a list here of the themes that are presented, and give an example that illustrates each theme. Watch for these themes throughout your study this entire year. This will help you see the big picture and organize your thinking. (Go t o the Summary of Key Concepts at the end of the chapter for a concise look at the themes. ) Theme 1 Example Organisms Interact with other organisms and the Physical Environment The leaves of a tree, for example, absorb light from the sun, Theme 2:Life requires energy transfer and transformation Theme 3: Theme 4: A fundamental characteristic of living organisms is their use of energy to carry out life's activities. Theme 5: Theme 6: Theme 7: (Find it in 1. 2. ) Concept 1. 2 The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life 5. Life is organized into groups. Study Figure 1. 14. Which level contains the greatest diversity of organisms? The least? 6. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies organisms. Because of new molecular information, there have been many changes in placement of certain groups in recent years.Notice that all life is now organized in your text into 3 domains rather than the 5 kingdoms you may have learned earlier. Choose the kin gdoms mentioned in the text in the space above the proper domain names shown here. Mammalian Protests 7. What two main points were articulated in Darning's The Origin of Species? 8. What did Darwin propose as the mechanism of evolution? Summarize this mechanism. Are the two main types of scientific inquiry? Give an example of each. 10. What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning? Is either used by scientists? 1 1 .Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data. Which type would be resented in a data chart and could be graphed? Which type is found in the field sketches made by Jane Goodwill? 12. In science, how do we define hypothesis? 13. A scientific hypothesis has two important qualities. The first is that it is testable. What is the second? 14. Look at Figure 1. 24. Use it to write a hypothesis using the â€Å"If .. . Then .. .† Format. 15. What is a controlled experiment? 16. The text points out a common misconception about the term â€Å"cont rolled experiment†. In the snake mimicry experiment, what factors were held constant? 7. Explain what is meant by a scientific theory by giving the three ways your text prepares a theory from a hypothesis or mere speculation. Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life 2. 3. This chapter covers the basics that you may have learned in your chemistry class. The questions that follow should help you focus on the most important points. Matter element trace element neutron atomic number atomic mass energy polar covalent bond anion compound proton isotope electronegative action dynamic equilibrium essential element electron electron shells monopoly covalent bond hydrogen bond Concept 2. Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds 1. What four elements make up 96% of all living matter? Concept 2. 2 An element's properties depend on the structure of its atoms 2. Below is a model of an atom of helium, correctly label the electrons, protons, neutro ns, and atomic nucleus. 3. What is the atomic number of helium? Its atomic mass? 4. Consider this entry in the periodic table for carbon. What is the atomic mass? Atomic number? How many electrons does carbon have? Neutrons? 5. What are isotopes? Use carbon as an example. 6.Explain radioactive isotopes and one medical application that uses them. 7. Which is the only subatomic particle that is directly involved in the chemical sections between atoms? 8. What is potential energy? 9. Explain which has more potential energy in each pair: a. Boy at the top of a slide/boy at the bottom electron in the third energy shell the chemical behavior of an atom? B. electron in the first energy shell/ c. Water/glucose 10. What determines a. How many valence electrons does it have? B. How many protons does it have? Concept 2. 3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms 12.Now, refer back to your definition of a compound and fill in the following chart: Molecule ? (y/n) Compound? (y/n) Molecular Formula Water Carbon dioxide Methane Structural Formula 02 13. What type of bond is seen in 02? Explain what this means. 14. Choose the correct labels for the electron distribution diagram of water. Which element is most electronegative? Molecule? Why is water considered a polar (This is a very important concept. Spend some time with this one! ) 15. Another bond type is the ionic bond. Explain what is happening in the figure below (2. 14): 16. What two elements are involved above? 17.In the preceding example, which is the anion? 18. Indicate where the hydrogen bond occurs in this figure. Hydrogen 19. Here is a list of the types of bonds and interactions discussed in this section. On the chart: hydrogen bonds, van deer Walls interactions, covalent bonds, ionic bonds. Van deer Walls interactions 20. What is the biological importance of weak bonds? 21 . Use morphine and endorphins as examples to explain why molecular shape is crucial in biology. Concep t 2. 4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds 22. Write the chemical shorthand equation for photosynthesis. Label the reactants and the products. 23.For the equation you Just wrote, how many molecules of carbon dioxide are there? How many molecules of glucose? How many elements in glucose? Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment polar molecule specific heat solute pH cohesion evaporation hydrophilic acid adhesion solvent hydrophobic base Concept 3. 1 The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding 1. Why is water considered polar? 2. How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form? Concept 3. 2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth's fitness for life Hydrogen bonding accounts for the unique properties of water. Let's look at several.Cohesion 3. What is demonstrated when you see beads of water on a waxed car hood? Calorie solution military . Which property explains the ability of a water strider to walk on water? Moderation o f Temperature 5. Water has high specific heat. How does water's specific heat compare to alcohol's? 6. Explain how hydrogen bonding contributes to water's high specific heat. 7. Summarize how water's high specific heat contributes to the moderation of temperature. How is this property important to life? 8. What is heat of vaporization? Explain at least three effects of this property on living organisms. Expansion upon Freezing 9. Ice floats!So what? Consider what would happen if ponds and other bodies of water accumulated ice at the bottom. Describe why this property of water is important. 10. Now, explain why ice floats. Why is ICC the critical temperature in this story? Solvent of Life 1 1 . Consider coffee to which you have added sugar. Which is the solvent? The solute? 12. Explain why water is such a fine solvent. 13. You already know that some materials, such as olive oil, will not dissolve in water. In fact, oil will float on top of water. Explain this property in terms of hyd rogen bonding. 14. Now, let's do a little work that will enable you to prepare solutions.Read the section on solute concentrations carefully, and show the calculations here for repairing a I-molar solution of sucrose. Steps to help you do this follow. The first step is done for you. Fill in the rest. Steps to prepare a solution: a. Write the molecular formula. B. Use your periodic table to calculate the mass of each element. Multiply by the number of atoms of the element. (For example, O has a mass of 16. Therefore one mole of O has a mass of 16 x 11 = 176 g/mole. ) masses of each element in the molecule. C. Add the d. Add this mass of the compound to water to bring it to a volume of 1 liter.