What Is Night Eating Syndrome

What Is Night Eating Syndrome Eating Disorders Symptoms Print Night Eating Syndrome Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of the Condition By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 25, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 21, 2019 Jill Giardino / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand Definition Diagnosis Related Disorders Causes Behavioral Treatment Other Treatments View All Back To Top Do you stick closely to your diet during the day, but blow your diet at night? Maybe you’re never hungry in the morning and have your first meal in the afternoon. If you find yourself eating large quantities of food at nightâ€"even waking up from sleep to eatâ€"you may have a specific eating disorder, called night eating syndrome (NES). Definition People who have NES or are living with someone who has the condition may notice certain clues in the home. You may find messes in the kitchen or missing food, suggesting that someone has been awake and eating in the middle of the night. These are indications that someone in the home may have night eating syndrome. People with NES often eat because they believe that it will improve sleep or help them fall back asleep. People with NES often report mornings with neither appetite nor significant food intake. They commonly experience guilt and shame related to their eating. Diagnosis Night eating syndrome is currently classified as an Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED) by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). The criteria for NES are repeated episodes of eating at nightâ€"including waking from sleep to eat, excessive consumption of food after the evening meal, and awareness and recall of night eatingâ€"and significant distress or impairment related to the night eating. Additional proposed diagnostic criteria for NES also suggest that at least 25% of food intake be consumed after the evening meal, on average, for at least three months; and that nocturnal ingestions occur at least twice per week for three months. People with NES may binge eat (that is, eat a large amount of food in a short period of time while feeling out of control) or they may just graze. Nighttime Binges and Sleep Eating Individuals with NES seem to have a disruption to their circadian rhythm, the biological process that regulates sleeping and eating patterns according to the natural cycle of light and darkness. In humans, appetite and food consumption tend to correspond closely with the primary hours of wakefulness: meals are generally consumed between early morning and early evening. Individuals with NES retain a normal sleep cycle but display a delayed food intake pattern. One study showed that people who have NES consumed 56% of their calories between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. People who didnt have NES only consumed 15% of their calories during this time. NES was first described in 1955 by psychiatrist Albert Stunkard, who saw it as a behavioral variation of obesity. As a result, it has most often been studied in the context of research on obesity. Compared to other eating disorders, NES has been scantly studied. It is estimated that 1.5% of the general population has NES. It is more common in certain populations, with prevalence rates of 6% to 14% among those who have lost weight and 9% to 42% among candidates for bariatric surgery. Assessment of NES can be made via the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) or the Night Eating Diagnostic Scale (NEDS), two self-report measures. There is also the Night Eating Syndrome History and Inventory (NESHI), a diagnostic interview. Related Disorders People can meet the criteria for NES and another eating disorder concurrently. Studies show that approximately 7% to 25% of people with NES also met criteria for binge-eating disorder. Research indicates that among those with bulimia nervosa, 40% of inpatients and 50% of outpatients reported night eating symptoms. In light of this, NES can be thought of as a specific variant of binge eating disorder or bulimia nervosa that presents a disrupted circadian pattern of eating and significant eating during the person’s sleeping hours. A similar, but different, disorder is sleep-related eating disorder (SRED). SRED is primarily a sleep disorder, while NES is primarily an eating disorder. The main difference is that people with SRED eat either while sleeping or while in a twilight state between sleep and wakefulness, and are not aware of what they are doing. They often wake up to find food in their bed and have no memory of having eaten. By contrast, people with NES are fully awake while they are eating and remember afterward.  In some studies, a high percentage of people with SRED  were using prescription  psychiatric medications, which may indicate that these medications  are relevant to the disorder.   Patients with NES often have depression and anxiety. They may also have a history of substance abuse. Drugs, Alcohol, and Abnormal Sleep Behaviors Causes The exact cause of NES is unknown. Some postulate that it involves a hormone imbalance that disrupts eating patterns. It also may develop in response to a pattern of staying up and eating late at night, as can be common among college students. Once one becomes set in this habit, it can be hard to break. NES may also be a response to dieting. When people reduce their food intake during the day and the body is in a state of physical deprivation, the drive to eat later in the day is a normal response to the restriction. Over time, the self-soothing pattern of eating at night can become ingrained. Behavioral Treatment Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one of the most successful treatments for eating disorders.  While it has been successfully applied to NES, only one empirical study has been published. Psychological treatment for NES will typically include both psychoeducation about the condition and self-monitoring to understand the disorder and maintaining factors. It will involve a reduction of dieting behavior. Behavioral interventions common to other eating disorders include meal planning and structuring of regular eating. NES treatment adds a specific focus on shifting eating patterns to earlier in the day to align better with sleep and wake cycles. Breakfast is implemented in order to reset eating patterns. This is a necessary step to breaking the cycle, even though it can be challenging while the night eating is continuing and you have no appetite in the morning. It can be done gradually, with a slow increase of morning meal intake until an adequate breakfast can be consumed regularly. The conflict between sleep and eating patterns characteristic of NES encourages dysfunctional beliefs which can, in turn, reinforce behaviors. For example, a person with NES may feel unable to avoid food at night, be convinced they have to eat to fall asleep, and believe that evening anxiety can only be managed with food. These beliefs perpetuate the disorder, but they can be dispelled through cognitive restructuring and the use of behavioral experiments. When night eating episodes occur, behavioral chain analyses can be conducted to identify cognitive and behavioral interventions to reduce the behavior. After an episode of night eating, you would reconstruct when you first started thinking about wanting to eat and each step that was involved in getting to the food, choosing it, eating it, and then what happened. Thinking about where you could change the typical chain of events along the way and break the chain to produce a different outcome provides guidance for navigating future similar situations.   Breaking the pattern of night eating can be difficult and may require the use of psychological techniques such as making a list of reasons not to engage in the behavior (and reviewing it before bed) as well as installing physical barriers, such as blocking access to the kitchen at night. Sleep hygiene strategies used in the CBT treatment of insomnia, such as sticking to a consistent bedtime and morning awakening time, are also incorporated. How to Fix Your Sleep Hygiene Other Treatments Other treatments for NES include phototherapyâ€" light exposureâ€"similar to that used to treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Bright light therapy is believed to affect melatonin, a hormone which helps regulate circadian rhythms. In phototherapy for NES, patients are exposed to bright light in the morning. This treatment targets the circadian rhythm disruption by trying to reset the body clock using light. At this time, there is little formal research on the approach, although it has shown to be effective in two case studies. Psychiatric medication has been the most researched treatment for NES. Although there is little evidence in support for the use of psychiatric medication for the treatment of eating disorders overall, there is some support for doing so in the case of NES, where the circadian rhythm disruption suggests a larger biological component. Medications that have been studied and used include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) including paroxetine (Paxil), fluvoxamine  (Luvox), and sertraline (Zoloft). There are two books on Night Eating Syndrome, one for patients and one for professionals. These books may provide more insight into the condition if you or someone you know is struggling: Allison, K.C., A.J. Stunkard, and S. L. Tier. 2004.  ?Overcoming the night eating syndrome: A step-by-step guide to breaking the cycle  is a self-help guide for people with NES.Lundgren, J.D., K.C., Allison, A.J. Stunkard (Eds). 2012.  Night eating syndrome: Research, assessment, and treatment. New York, Guilford. This is a comprehensive overview of NES for professionals and includes a treatment manual.   A Word From Verywell If you are experiencing symptoms consistent with night eating syndrome, you may be feeling ashamed and reluctant to find treatment. Please don’t hesitate to seek help; eating disorder professionals can help you recover.   Treatment for Sleep Eating Disorders

The History of Gospel Music Essay - 2849 Words

Music is an important aspect of every society. Music can tell stories, release emotions, build bridges and break down barriers, but above all music is entertaining. There are various forms of music but not many have as rich a history as gospel music. The importance of gospel music has been relevant in American music for more than a century and its importance to society is still relevant to this day (See Appendix A). Gospel music helped slaves escape to freedom and paved the way for other styles of music. It promotes a spirit of hope and provided an outlet to worship God. So how exactly has Gospel music impacted today’s society? Music has been relevant in Christianity since its beginnings. Some of the first†¦show more content†¦Spirituals were not only â€Å"sung to keep spirits up† (Thompson 9), but were used as coded messages to give directions for where to go or how to proceed to freedom in the North. The slave owners believed that the slaves were hap py because they sang church songs and they praised God but little did they know, that the slaves were secretly communicating. For instance, during the Underground Railroad, songs like â€Å"Follow the Drinkin’ Gourd,’ ‘Wade in the Water,’ and ‘Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,’ all directly refer to secret code about using the Underground Railroad.† As many as 100,000 slaves escaped by means of this method (Thompson 9). When President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862, over twenty million Americans, both black and white moved out of the southern United States. This move as stated by Whitaker, â€Å"transformed religion, American popular culture, racial hierarchies, American conservative and the nature of American regions.† During this revolutionary movement, â€Å"Baptist and Pentecostal churches† and music, such as jazz, blues and gospel, spread. Spirituals were not known by anywhere else in the country other than in the south until that time (570). Spirituals were used and recorded by producers and different artists. A group of college students called, â€Å"the Jubilee Singers,† from Fisk University sang Spirituals to parts of the United States andShow MoreRelatedGospel music Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesGospel Music Gospel music began in the cotton fields of the old south. It originates from slaves singing songs of freedom about Jesus and has integrated into today’s music. Gospel music is a standard version of sanctified music that has encouraged Christian beliefs and stimulated the practice of Christian ethical principles, both inside the context of worship services and as music entertainment. Gospel music began with Thomas A. Dorsey, the Father of Gospel Music. 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Effects of Sin in the Scarlet Letter Free Essays

Unfortunately sin can often lead to isolation. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hester Prynne, a beautiful young woman who is chastised for adultery, and Arthur Dimmesdale, Boston’s beloved minister who is the father of Hester’s baby, both begin doleful lives of isolation after Hester’s sin is revealed. After Hester is sent to Boston by her husband, who says he will shortly join her, she has an affair with the town’s preacher, Arthur Dimmesdale, which results in a daughter, Pearl. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Sin in the Scarlet Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Condemned for her sin of adultery by the austere Puritan government, Hester is forced to wear a scarlet letter A on her dress at all times as a punishment for her crime. Though Hester Prynne is a beautiful, graceful woman who is involved in the community, she begins a secluded life of isolation after she is punished for her crime of adultery. Serving as a visible sign of her crime, the scarlet letter A isolates Hester from her community. In addition, Hester encounters isolation when she is required to move to a dreary cabin on the outskirts of town.Furthermore, Hester is isolated from her one true love, Arthur Dimmesdale, when her husband, who goes by the alias Rodger Chillingworth, finally comes to Boston. On the other hand, Arthur Dimmesdale, who is an insouciant, healthy minister before his sin with Hester is punished, becomes paranoid, sickly, and isolated from the people of Boston as his guilt begins to overwhelm him. By neglecting to openly tell anyone about his sin with Hester , Dimmesdale isolates himself from the people. He also isolates himself, this time from Hester, when he allows Chillingworth to move in with him to treat his illness. And he is isolated every time the people of Boston praise his as a marvelous preacher when he knows he is not worthy of such veneration. Although Hester Prynne is a pulchritudinous, statuesque woman who is an active participant in the community, she begins a lonely life of solitude after she is punished for her crime of adultery. Forced to wear the letter A on her garments, Hester is isolated from the community of Boston.  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬The people in Boston see this letter as a sign of shame; therefore, they refuse to associate themselves with her. Gossiping about Hester, the townspeople say that Hester got off too easy with public humiliation as her only form of punishment. Since they live in a strict Puritan society obsessed with sin, they believe that Hester should’ve been killed for her crime even though there was a very likely chance that her husband was de ad. This resentment to Hester’s crime leaves her all alone without any friends, her husband, or her lover.As Hawthorne writes, â€Å"Tomorrow would bring its own trial with it; so would the next day, and so would the next; each day its own trial, and yet the very same that was now so unutterably grievous to be borne†¦ she would become the general symbol at which the preacher and moralist might point† (74-75), we see the endless cycle of isolation in Hester’s future. Neither the austere Puritan citizens nor the hypocritical Puritan government officials are willing to forgive her and move on, so Hester has no one to turn to.Furthermore, Hester is isolated when she is forced to live on the outskirts of town in a desolate, abandoned cabin. Continuing her charitable works and her skills as a seamstress, Hester runs a small sewing business to support herself. Hester’s skill as a seamstress can be seen when she steps onto the scaffold for the first time with th e letter A on her dress that was â€Å"so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy, that it had all the effect of a last and fitting decoration to the apparel which she wore† (50).But when Hester goes into town to deliver her clothing, she is painfully reminded of how isolated she is from her community. Even the children, who are too young to understand her situation, shun her when she comes into town. Yelling, â€Å"Behold, verily there is the woman of the scarlet letter, and, of a truth, moreover, there is the likeness of the scarlet letter running along by her side! Come, therefore, and let us fling mud at them! † (96), the children of the town show no common courtesy towards Hester.Ignoring her charitable acts and attempts to regain her acceptance in society, the townspeople prove to be unyielding, unforgiving hypocrites. Though Hester has sinned, it is still wrong for her community to treat her poorly and scorn her whenever she tries to go into town. These Puritans claim they are holy and following Christ, yet they fail to abide by the golden rule: treat others how you would like to be treated. And Hester is even more isolated, this time from Dimmesdale, when Chillingworth comes to Boston.Even though Chillingworth is her husband, they have never really loved each other, so this separation from Dimmesdale is far more difficult for Hester than her separation from her husband when she was sent to Boston alone. After Hester affirms to Chillingworth that she will never tell him the name of her lover, he responds, â€Å"Never, sayest thou? Never know him! Believe me Hester, there are few things hidden from the man who devotes himself earnestly and unreservedly to the solution of a mystery.I shall seek this man as I have sought truth in books, as I have sought truth in alchemy† (71-72). Knowing that her husband will try to harm Dimmesdale if he finds out that he is the one whom Hester had an affair with, Hester isolates herself from Dimmesdale to protect him from Chillingworth. On the other hand, while Arthur Dimmesdale is a relaxed, hearty minister before Hester is punished for her crime, he becomes paranoid, ailing, and isolated from the people of Boston as his guilt begins to overpower him.The longer Dimmesdale conceals his guilt about his affair with Hester, the more erratic he becomes. Not wanting to confess, Dimmesdale torments his body to try to overcome his grief. Regularly hol ding vigils, whipping himself, and even carving an A onto his chest, Dimmesdale emotionally isolates himself. Another example of Dimmesdale’s insane behavior caused by guilt can be seen when he stands upon the scaffold alone one night. As Hawthorne writes, â€Å"And thus, while standing on the scaffold, in this vain show of expiation, Mr.Dimmesdale was overcome with a great horror of mind, as if the universe were gazing at a scarlet token on his naked breast, right over his heart† (139), we see the extent of the guilt Dimmesdale feels. By hiding his guilt from everyone, he has become overly suspicious and lunatic, but since he isolates himself, no one knows this. Also Dimmesdale is isolated from Hester when he falls ill and Chillingworth moves in to take care of him. Chillingworth promises to find the man whom Hester had relations with; furthermore, it is no surprise that he seeks to live with Dimmesdale since he is an influential, well-liked, and trusted man in Boston.A rumor â€Å"that Heaven had wrought an absolute miracle by transporting an eminent Doctor of Physic from a German university bodily through the air and setting him down at the door of Mr. Dimmesdale’s study† (114) took hold in Boston and although Dimmesdale tries to deny Chillingworth’s aid, the town elders force him to allow Chillingworth to move in. Being constantly watched by Chillingworth, Dimmesdale cannot easily try to visit Hester since that would make Chillingworth very suspicious of him. Having to hide major secrets from someone living with im, Dimmesdale feels more alone than ever and increases his physical torments. As Dimmesdale’s torturous attempts to cure his guilt prove to be ineffective, we see how much his guilt is eating away at him. He thinks that by physically hurting himself he can forget about his immense mental pain, but this only intensifies it. The more pain he feels the more distant he becomes from his community. On the same note, Chillingworth feels isolated when the people of Boston praise him as an amazing preacher. As Dimmesdale feels guiltier and guiltier, his sermons regarding sin become more and more powerful. Calling himself a sinner, Dimmesdale tries to clandestinely admit to his guilt, but the people, who cannot believe that such a well-liked minister like Dimmesdale would be a sinner, interpret this as a metaphor. As he is praised for his inspirational sermons, he feels more and more isolated because he knows he is not worthy of such praise. Hawthorne sums up Dimmesdale’s feelings by saying, â€Å"It is inconceivable, the agony with which this public veneration tortured him! (134); however, his preachments get even better the more this veneration tortures him. Hester and Dimmesdale prove how two people on opposite ends of the spectrum can both lead lives of isolation caused by sin. While Hester openly admits to her sin, Dimmesdale conceals his sin, which only harms him in the long run. Even though Hester’s reputation has been tainted and people see her in a whole new way, she is still true to herself unlike Dimmesdale, who puts forth the fake image of an honorable minister. Puritan society condemns sinners, yet in this theocratic state, everyone hides their sins to protect their reputation; however, this is far worse than simply accepting the punishment and trying to gain your good reputation back through good works. By accepting her sin as part of whom she is, Hester proves herself to be the bigger person even though Dimmesdale is the minister because she accepts her sin leading to her physical isolation from the community and Dimmesdale while Dimmesdale keeps to himself which causes him both physical and mental pain which spiritually isolates him from his people. How to cite Effects of Sin in the Scarlet Letter, Papers

Mesolithic and Neolithic Essay Example

Mesolithic and Neolithic Paper With Reference to examples, compare and contrast the impact made by Mesolithic and Neolithic peoples on Irelands cultural landscape. The extraordinary landscape that the island of Ireland has to offer, cannot be described in words. The individual on looking at the sights of the country feels a sense of ineffability. The Ice Age brought about the most dynamic changes to the physical landscape, shaping it and creating the wonderful sights of the natural land we can see today. (Although, from that time we have altered Irelands landscape, yet have not come close to the same scale of changes that were produced by the Ice Age). For all its destruction, the beautiful landscape that the Ice Age left behind played a large part in the unfolding human history of Ireland- the glacier deposits helped the land become fertile, supporting vegetation and trees which would become useful resources for the first people to arrive on the island. In addition, the heavy weight of the glaciers helped flattened areas that could then be used for building. However, it is not these natural sights, which people take notice of, Irelands economic activity has increased rapidity over the past number of years, due to the tourist attractions which have been promoted throughout the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Mesolithic and Neolithic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mesolithic and Neolithic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mesolithic and Neolithic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Mesolithic and Neolithic sites such as Newgrange Passage Tomb, Mount Sandel, Magheraghanrush in County Sligo, Deerpark Court Tomb and Cashelkeelty in Kerry attract thousands of tourists to the country, and are the constructed developments and findings created and left by the first settlers in Ireland. Around 9,000 years ago at the end of the Palaeolithic era, there began a new period in history, known as the Mesolithic Age (Greek mesos middle and lithos stone). It is during this time the first settlers came to Ireland from Scotland (It is thought that these settlers first colonized the northeast of the country from Scotland. Although sea levels were still lower than they are today, Ireland was probably already an island by the time the first settlers arrived by boat. There is nothing surprising in this, though, for most of the Mesolithic sites in Ireland are coastal settlements. Clearly, the earliest inhabitants of this country were seafarers who depended for much of their livelihood upon the sea. In some ways this economy was forced upon them, for many centuries were to pass before the treeless permafrost was transformed into a densely forested fertile land) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Early history of Ireland. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Early_history_of_Ireland It was at the end of this period that much of the fantastic constructions that exist still in this present age (sites such as Newgrange Passage Tomb, Mount Sandel etc ) began to emerge, from the Neolithic peoples in the Neolithic period. During this time in the islands existence, the impact of these early settlers on Irelands cultural landscape is thought to be much more significant than that of the Mesolithic people that lived before them, and it is this, which is to be discussed. Mesolithic people lived in a hunter-gatherer society, were food was caught went needed for the family (usually hunted by the dominant male(s) of the group)- evidence of this comes from the Fourth International Congress of Primatology, Portland, Oregon, Male and Female Behaviour in Primate Societies. The origin of male political power has been sought in the dominance behaviour of the nonhuman primates. Data from the living hunting and gathering peoples offer a corrective to this viewpoint. Several theorists have developed models of early human groups that placed males at the centre and females drawn in from outside through exchange networks. These models contradict the known facts about hunting and gathering peoples, among whom we find a social grouping consisting of both males and females at the centre. The burden of the hunter-gatherer evidence (along with that from primate field studies) favours a model of early human society in which females wielded considerable political power as a result of their economic independence and their ability to exercise discretion in their choice of spouse. http://www. springerlink. com/content/r615266521271760/. We can establish that the sorts of animals the Mesolithic people consumed ranged over mammals, birds and fish including, wild boar, hare, wolf/dog, wild cat, thrush, eagle, wigeon, teal, mallard, salmon, trout, eel, seabass and a variety of other species, based on the findings at Mount Sandel. (J. P. Mallory T. E. McNeill The Archaeology of Ulster; From Colonization to Plantation. 1991 P. 13).

Analyzing Eye of the Tiger essays

Analyzing Eye of the Tiger essays Poets and song writers use different literary elements to embellish different aspects of the poem. Some use the elements to make the reader look at certain parts of the poem differently and others may use them to give a poem feeling. In Eye of the Tiger, Jim Petik uses imagery to compare the struggle of person to that of a tiger and also repetition to let the reader know that a person should never give up on their dreams. The song is written in ballad form, which also enhances the main idea of not giving up by showing the reader that dreams do come true. In the third stanza, Petik uses imagery to make the reader envision a tiger hunting its prey. The first two lines of the stanza Petik writes, Face to face, out in the heat. Hangin tough, stayin hungry. He is comparing the hardship of a person trying to reach his goals to that of a tiger hunting for food. In the last two lines of the stanza it says, Still we take to the streets, for the kill with the skill to survive. In those two lines, Petik combines the two different worlds using the word street referencing the person, and kill referencing the tiger. Eye of the Tiger is meant to be a motivating song; hence, Petik repeats certain lines making sure that, whoever the reader might be, they will have the strongest lines implanted into their mind. He repeats the refrain three different times throughout the song and the most important line in the refrain is, Its the eye of the tiger. The eye of the tiger is the look in someones eyes when they feel like theyre unstoppable. Petik repeats that same line four more times at the end of the song which gives the reader a lasting impression that he or she has the eye of the tiger. He also repeats the phrase risin up once at the beginning of the song, and then ag...

3 Sentences with Parenthetical-Phrase Punctuation Problems

3 Sentences with Parenthetical-Phrase Punctuation Problems 3 Sentences with Parenthetical-Phrase Punctuation Problems 3 Sentences with Parenthetical-Phrase Punctuation Problems By Mark Nichol In each of the sentences below, faulty punctuation confuses the syntactical organization. Discussions and revisions follow each problematic sentence. 1. Documentation, such as white papers, that support model choices, data analysis and other similar assertions, will be necessary to support the elections made. This sentence includes one parenthetical phrase (â€Å"such as white papers†), but it’s punctuated as if another, longer one is embedded after it. However, the segment of the sentence between that phrase and â€Å"will be necessary . . .† is not parenthetical, so no comma is necessary before will: â€Å"Documentation, such as white papers, that support model choices, data analysis and other similar assertions will be necessary to support the elections made.† 2. Presumptive Democratic presidential nominee, Hillary Clinton, faces consistent fire from people who oppose her policy positions, including Republican nominee, Donald Trump, and many others. There’s a subtle distinction between an appositive (a word or phrase equivalent in meaning with an adjacent word or phrase) and a simple description. The phrases preceding the names in this sentence are descriptions; simply precede each with the and they become appositives, which are set off parenthetically. But as written, this sentence requires only one comma- the one separating the subordinate clause (beginning with â€Å"as does† from the main clause): â€Å"Presumptive Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton faces consistent fire from people who oppose her policy positions, including Republican nominee Donald Trump and many others.† 3. Raucous protesters and supporters of Donald Trump violently confronted each other in California leading to twenty arrests as the Republican presidential contender brought his campaign to conservative Orange County. The subordinate clause in this sentence, beginning with â€Å"as the Republican presidential contender,† must be set off by a comma, but an additional comma is required before the parenthetical phrase â€Å"leading to twenty arrests.† The second comma does double duty closing off the parenthetical phrase and setting off the subordinate clause from the main clause: â€Å"Raucous protesters and supporters of Donald Trump violently confronted each other in California, leading to twenty arrests, as the Republican presidential contender brought his campaign to conservative Orange County.† (The second comma is required because the arrests occurred after, not concurrent with, Trump’s arrival.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating Conjunctions10 Techniques for More Precise Writing40 Words Beginning with "Para-"

Logic in Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Logic in Argument - Essay Example Innovative leaders actively seek means of increasing communication and breaking down interdepartmental barriers between the management and the workers. The actions of doing so range from recreation spaces where open forums can be used for making presentations to physical designing of work. Forums, for example, not only improve the workers’ technical communication, but also make them aware of the skills, achievements and progress of their peer competitors. Such an environment instills the need for creativity through critical thinking (Klemm, 2012). Overspecialization is one way that hinders creative thought. An organizational team with members from diverse backgrounds creates an intellectual environment that has the potential to promote development. An environment with diverse minds has a broad perspective of evaluating problems and getting new ways to the best solutions. Moreover, new projects arise from a combination of technical skills and creativity (klemm, 2012). Bill Simon is one leader who has shown the above-mentioned critical thinking skills. He has been the CEO of Wal-Mart USA stores until his retirement on August this year. Simon joined the company in 2006 as the vice president in charge of professional services. Between 2007 and 2010, he was the chief operating officer. During this period, he created and launched the $4 prescription drug package. In 2010, Simon, made a huge turn around by correcting mistakes in merchandise and pricing. He also restored several items that the company had stopped produced and also succeeded in offering low